我国实行种子标签真实制度。该制度要求种子生产商必须依法、真实、明示销售种子的质量信息及相关信息，由种子生产商对销售的种子按有关规定要求得到满足证实的声明或承诺。如何对信息实行真实披露，在实践中，人们认识不一。本文利用种子监管部门有关人员之间对一起种子虚假广告案的不同意见，谈谈对产量表现真实标注之己见。
案例简介［1］
辽宁省某县一个种子代销商，经销某公司生产、包装的玉米种子共1250kg。该县的监管部门在种子市场大检查中，发现其包装袋上和品种宣传画上，对该品种的产量描述为：“一般产量1.125万kg/hm2左右，具有1.500万kg/hm2的增产潜力”。这种描述与该品种审定公告里的产量表现描述“2002～2003年参加东华北春玉米区域试验，两年平均产量为1.011万kg/hm2”有很大的差距。该县监管部门根据《中华人民共和国种子法》第三十七条的规定：“种子广告的内容应当符合本法和有关广告的法律、法规规定，主要性状描述应当与审定公告一致。”而当事人在销售玉米种子时，其包装袋和品种宣传画上标明的种子的主要性状——产量表现与种子审定公告不一致，标注产量高于种子审定公告的产量，认定其为虚假标注。当事人的上述行为违反了《中华人民共和国反不正当竞争法》第九条第一款的规定，已构成对玉米种子的性能做了使人误解的虚假宣传的不正当竞争行为。故依据《反不正当竞争法》第二十四条的规定，下达了对当事人罚款1万元的处罚决定书。《一起种子虚假广告案例引发的法律思考》一文的作者认为：主要性状不包括产量表现，该行政处罚决定书认定事实错误，等等。
1 产量表现属于主要性状。
《种子法》第三十二条规定：“种子经营者应当遵守有关法律、法规的规定，向种子使用者提供种子的简要性状、主要栽培措施、使用条件的说明与有关咨询服务，并对种子质量负责”；第三十七条规定:“种子广告的内容应当符合本法和有关广告的法律、法规的规定，主要性状的描述应当与审定公告一致”。上述法条是对品种说明内容的规定。由于种子广告属于将品种说明制成印刷品在销售种子时提供给种子使用者的种子标签，所以种子广告适用上述规定。本案争议的焦点之一是，产量表现是否属于上述法条规定的主要性状或者简要性状？本文的答案是明确的：产量表现不仅是农作物的主要性状，而且是首要的主要性状。
法规规定，优良品种是指经过人工选育或者发现并经过改良，形态特征和生物学特性一致，遗传性状相对稳定的在一定的区域内其产量、适应性、抗性等方面明显优于当前主栽品种的植物群体。在品种试验中，无论是区域试验还是生产试验，都对品种丰产性、适应性、抗逆性和品质等农艺性状进行鉴定和验证。国家标准规定，主要性状可包括种性、生育期、穗形、株型、株高、粒形、抗病性、单产、品质以及其他典型性状；丰产性就是指品种的产量表现。上述规定充分说明，产量表现属于品种的主要性状。
2 产量表现的理解和标注。
产量表现是一个综合性状，由平均单产和丰产性两个要件构成。平均单产用参试品种在品种试验中单位面积产量的平均数表示；平均单产证明品种产量能力的适用性。丰产性用参试品种在品种试验中比对照品种增产的百分率表示；丰产性证明品种产量能力的先进性。适用性和先进性，是推广品种必须具备的两个法定要件，缺一不可。
品种的产量表现，受栽培技术、使用条件等多种因素影响。在品种审定公告里，用参试品种在特定方案、特定时间、特定地点、特定使用条件下的产量平均水平表示其适用性，用相对于特定对照品种增产的百分率表示其先进性，同时用适用性和先进性两个指标表示品种的产量表现。审定公告的产量表现，是一个相对值；是品种在特定的栽培技术、特定的使用条件下已经得到表现的产量。其既不是不管栽培技术和使用条件的放之四海而皆准的“一般产量”，也不是在大田生产条件下可望而不可及的“增产潜力”。
同一个参试品种在各参试点的单产是不同的，有的高于审定公告的平均产量，有的低于审定公告的平均产量，但是，品种在单个试验点的产量表现，不能代表品种的适用性和先进性。个别试验点的产量不一定具有代表性，必须采用田间试验统计方法，计算出多个试验点的平均单产，以平均单产作为对一个品种产量能力的评价值。
不同的品种试验，可以得出不同的试验结论。为评价品种的推广经营价值而进行的包括区域试验和生产试验的品种试验，可对参试品种的丰产性、适应性、抗逆性和品质等农艺性状以及配套栽培技术进行鉴定和验证。对经试验证明具有适用性和先进性的主要农作物品种，由农业行政主管部门发布审定公告；对非主要农作物品种，由农业行政主管部门提供包括品种登记、品种认定、品种鉴定等试验验证的依据。为测定品种的丰产潜力而进行的丰产试验，可对品种的丰产性能和丰产潜力进行鉴定和验证。如郑单958在玉米竞赛中的高产表现，超级杂交稻创造出的高产纪录，都是由丰产试验得出的结论。中国的农民不都具有袁隆平的生产技术，中国的农业生产大田也不都具备丰产试验田的使用条件，销售的种子也不都是育种家种子。品种在丰产试验中的产量表现，不是在农业行政主管部门组织下经多点多年区域试验并在接近大田生产的条件下生产试验证明的结果，不能证明试验品种在推广地区的适用性和先进性，不能证明试验品种的栽培使用价值。农民不具有农业科学家的栽培技术，农田不具有丰产试验田的使用条件，品种在丰产试验中的产量表现，不能标注在种子的销售包装上向在农业大田生产中使用的广大农民“推广经营”。
上述论证，是对种子标签的产量表现不能作类似于“一般产量1.125万kg/hm2左右，具有1.500万kg/hm2的增产潜力”标注的“情理”所在。
对于主要农作物种子，主要性状描述应当与审定公告一致；对于非主要农作物种子，品种说明中的产量表现应当有试验验证的依据。品种说明中的产量表现应当与审定公告一致，是强制性规定，任何单位任何人都必须严格遵照执行，不得以任何理由予以违反；否则必须承担法律责任。这是对种子标签的产量表现不能作类似于“一般产量1.125万kg/hm2左右，具有1.500万kg/hm2的增产潜力”标注的“法理”所在。
3 产量表现标注责任
国务院《关于推进种子管理体制改革加强市场监管的意见》明确提出，“认真落实种子质量标签制度”。 种子标签真实制度是由种子生产商对销售的种子的有关规定要求得到满足证实的声明或承诺。种子生产商应当对其生产的种子质量负责。种子质量应当符合具备种子应当具备的使用性能，符合以品种说明等方式表明的质量状况。种子生产商应当保证在正常使用种子的情况下其提供的种子应当具有的质量、性能和用途。种子生产商以种子标签、品种说明、种子广告、实物样品或者其他方式表明种子的质量状况的，应当保证其提供的种子的实际质量与表明的质量状况相符。品种标注与审定公告或者试验验证的依据不一致的，应当承担行政责任；构成犯罪的，应当追究刑事责任。在正常使用种子的情况下，种子生产商不能保证其提供的种子具有种子标签声明或承诺的产量表现的，应当承担民事赔偿责任。
具体到本案，种子监管机关对种子标签标注“一般产量1.125万kg/hm2左右，具有1.500万kg/hm2的增产潜力”的种子生产商或种子销售商处以行政罚款，是合法的。如果种子使用者在正常使用种子的情况下种子销售商提供的种子未能获得“一般产量1.125万kg/hm2左右”、或者未能实现“1.500万kg/hm2”，也有权要求种子生产商和种子销售商承担种子使用者获得实际产量与标注产量“一般产量1.125万kg/hm2左右”或者“1.500万kg/hm2”之差的民事赔偿责任，以兑现种子生产商和种子销售商对推广经营品种的产量表现的声明或承诺。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
［1］宋庆鹏，一起种子虚假广告案例引发的法律思考【J】，种子世界，2011(3)，9-11
（武合讲 山东贵和律师事务所 菏泽 274000；任晓东 北京市智维律师事务所 北京 100085）
武合讲联系方式：13605306590、whj148@yahoo.com.cn
境内机构对外提供外汇担保管理办法(附英文)
国家外汇管理局
境内机构对外提供外汇担保管理办法(附英文)
国家外汇管理局
第一条 为促进对外经济技术合作，顺利开展对外金融活动，加强对外汇担保的管理，根据《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》的规定，特制订本办法。
第二条 本办法所称外汇担保系指以自有外汇资金向境外债权人或境内的外资银行、中外合资银行或外资、中外合资非银行金融机构承诺，当债务人未按合同规定偿付外汇债务时，由担保人用外国货币履行偿付义务的保证，包括：
一、借款担保；
二、融资租赁担保；
三、补偿贸易项下的履约担保；
四、境外工程承包中的债务担保；
五、其它担保。
第三条 国家外汇管理局和外汇管理分局（以下简称“外汇管理部门”）为外汇担保的管理机关，负责外汇担保的审批、管理和登记。
一、经批准有权经营外汇担保业务的金融机构；
二、有外汇收入来源的非金融性质的企业法人；
政府部门和事业单位不得对外提供外汇担保。
第四条 允许提供外汇担保的机构和单位限于：
一、经批准有权经营外汇担保业务的金融机构；
二、有外汇收入来源的非金融性质的企业法人；
政府部门和事业单位不得对外提供外汇担保。
第五条 金融机构提供的外汇担保余额和对外债务余额之和不得超过自有外汇资金的20倍。
非金融机构提供的外汇担保余额不得超过其自有的外汇资金。
担保人不得为外商投资企业中的外方注册资本担保。
第六条 外汇担保的审批权限：
一、为境内机构对外提供外汇担保，由担保人所在地外汇管理部门审批；
二、为中国驻外企业提供外汇担保，由国家外汇管理局审批；
三、为境内、外的外国机构和外资企业提供外汇担保，由国家外汇管理局审批。
第七条 外汇担保的审批范围：
一、境内中国工商银行、中国农业银行、中国银行、中国人民建设银行、中国投资银行及交通银行、中信实业银行对外提供的借款担保；
二、除上款所列银行以外的其他金融机构和非金融性质的企业法人对外提供的外汇担保。
第八条 担保人办理担保报批手续时，应向外汇管理部门提供全部或部分下列资料：
一、担保项目可行性研究报告批准件和有关批复文件；
二、担保人自有外汇资金情况的证明；
三、担保人对外债务、担保的文件；
四、担保合同意向书；
五、被担保项下主债务合同或意向书及有关文件；
六、落实反担保措施的文件；
七、为外国机构和外资企业提供外汇担保，需有外国机构和外资企业的等值外汇资产作抵押的证明。
第九条 担保人提供外汇担保，应与债权人、债务人订立书面合同，订明担保人、债权人、债务人各方面的权利和义务。
一、担保人有权对债务人的资金和财产情况进行监督；
二、债权人有权要求担保人提供其财务报告和外汇收支情况等有关材料；
三、担保人提供担保后，债权人与债务人如需修改所担保的合同，还须取得担保人的同意，并由担保人报外汇管理部门进行审批，如未经担保人同意和外汇管理部门的批准，担保人的担保义务将自行解除；
四、担保人提供担保后，在其所担保的合同有效期内，一旦债务人未按合同规定履行其义务，担保人应履行担保义务。担保人履行担保义务后，有权向债务人进行追偿；
五、担保人提供担保后，在担保合同的有效期内，如债权人未按合同履行其义务，担保人的担保义务将自行解除。担保人有权要求债权人赔偿相应的损失；
六、担保人有权要求债务人落实反担保措施或提供相应的抵押物并收取一定的担保费。
第十条 担保人出具担保后，应到所在地外汇管理部门办理担保登记手续。
一、非金融机构出具担保后，应在10天内到所在地外汇管理部门填写《外汇担保登记表》，领取《外汇担保登记证书》；
二、金融机构实行按月定期登记制，月后15天内填写《外汇担保变动反馈表》，上报上月担保债务变动情况。
第十一条 担保需要展期时，担保人应在债务到期前15天到所在地外汇管理部门申请办理展期手续。办理展期手续时，应持展期债务的有关文件进行重新报批。
第十二条 担保项下债务到期或履行完毕以及出现其它终止担保合同情况时，非金融机构的担保人应在10天内将《外汇担保登记证书》退回原发证的外汇管理部门办理核销手续。金融机构按月办理核销手续。
第十三条 对于违反本办法的担保人，外汇管理部门将视情节轻重，对其进行警告、通报、暂停或撤销担保人外汇担保业务并根据《违反外汇管理处罚施行细则》的有关规定予以处罚。
第十四条 本办法也适用对外反担保。
第十五条 本办法由国家外汇管理局负责解释。
第十六条 本办法自公布之日起实施。1987年的《境内机构提供外汇担保的暂行管理办法》同时废止。
(Approved by the People's Bank of China on August 1, 1991 Promul-gated by the State Administration of Exchange Control on September 26,1991)
Whole Doc.
Article 1
These Measures are hereby formulated with a view to promoting foreign
economic and technical cooperation, developing foreign financial
activities smoothly and strengthening the control of foreign exchange
guarantees, in accordance with the Provisional Regulations for the Foreign
Exchange Control of the People's Republic of China.
Article 2
The term "foreign exchange guarantee" mentioned in these Measures
refers to an undertaking which a guarantor, against its own foreign
exchange funds, promises to guarantee the repayment in foreign exchange
currency to a foreign creditor, a wholly foreign-owned bank, a
Chinese-foreign equity bank or a non-banking financial institution which
is wholly foreign-owned or uses Chinese and foreign investment within
China, in the event of the failure of the debtor to pay its foreign
exchange debt under the contract, including:
(1) loan guarantee;
(2) financial leasing guarantee;
(3) performance guarantee under the compensation trade;
(4) debt guarantee in external contracting projects;
(5) guarantee in other forms.
Article 3
The State Administration of Exchange Control and its branch offices
(hereinafter referred to as the exchange control departments) are the
administrative organs in charge of foreign exchange guarantee, which are
responsible for the examination and approval, administration and
registration of the foreign exchange guarantee.
Article 4
Institutions and units which are permitted to provide a foreign
exchange guarantee are limited to:
(1) financial institutions which have the authority to conduct
foreign exchange guarantee business upon approval;
(2) non-financial enterprises with the status of a legal person which
have foreign exchange income.
No governmental departments and institutions shall provide foreign
exchange guarantee.
Article 5
The total amount of the balance of foreign exchange guarantee issued
by a financial institution together with the balance of its external
liabilities shall not exceed 20 times of its own foreign exchange funds.
The remaining sum of foreign exchange guarantee issued by a
non-financial institution shall not exceed the amount of its own foreign
exchange funds.
Guarantor shall not provide a guarantee to cover the registered
capital of the foreign party to an enterprise with foreign investment.
Article 6
The authority of examination and approval of the foreign exchange
guarantee:
(1) where a foreign exchange guarantee is provided externally to an
institution within China, it shall be examined and approved by the
exchange control department in the guarantor's locality;
(2) where a foreign exchange guarantee is provided to a Chinese
enterprise resident in foreign country, it shall be examined and approved
by the State Administration of Exchange Control;
(3) where a foreign exchange guarantee is provided to a foreign
institution and an enterprise with foreign investment at home and abroad,
it shall be examined and approved by the State Administration of Exchange
Control.
Article 7
The scope of examination and approval for foreign exchange guarantee
provided externally:
(1) the loan guarantees provided externally by the Industry and
Commerce Bank of China, the Agriculture Bank of China, the Bank of China,
the Investment Bank of China and the Bank of Communications, the Industry
Bank of China Trust and Investment Corporation within the Chinese
territory;
(2) the foreign exchange guarantees provided externally by other
financial institutions and non- financial enterprises with legal person
status except the banks listed above.
Article 8
When a guarantor goes through the guarantee procedures of submission
and approval, it shall submit to the exchange control department all or
part of the following documents and materials:
(1) the approval documents for the feasibility study report of the
project to be guaranteed and relative written documents;
(2) the certificate of the guarantor's own foreign exchange funds;
(3) documents of guarantor's external liabilities and guarantee;
(4) the letter of intent of the guarantee contract;
(5) the principal debt contract or letter of intent under the
guaranteed proje ct and relative documents;
(6) documents concerning the implementation of counter guarantee
measures;
(7) the mortgage certificate which shows that the guarantee amount
will be sec ured by foreign exchange assets at equivalent value of foreign
institutions and enterprises with foreign investment, when a foreign
exchange guarantee is provided to them.
Article 9
A guarantor who provides foreign exchange guarantee shall conclude
written contract with the creditor and debtor, which specifies the rights
and obligations in all respects of the guarantor, creditor and debtor.
(1) the guarantor has the right to supervise the funds and assets of
the debtor;
(2) the creditor has the right to require the guarantor to provide
the related materials such as its financial statement, information
concerning the exchange
ncome and expenditure, etc.;
(3) after a guarantee is provided by the guarantor, any amendment to
the guarantee contract by the creditor and debtor shall be subject to the
guarantor's permission, and the guarantor shall report it to the exchange
control department for examination and approval. Otherwise, the
guarantor's obligations of guarantee shall be relieved automatically;
(4) after a guarantee is provided by the guarantor, in case the
debtor fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with the provisions
of the contract during the term of the guarantee contract, the guarantor
shall fulfill its guarantee obligations. After its fulfillment, the
guarantor has the right to require the debtor for reimbursement;
(5) if the creditor fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance
with the provisions of the contract during the term of the guarantee
contract after a guarantee is provided by the guarantor, the guarantor
will be automatically relieved of its obligations, the guarantor has the
right to require the creditor for reimbursement of the corresponding loss;
(6) the guarantor has the right to require the debtor to implement
the counter guarantee measures or furnish corresponding mortgage, and
charge a fixed amount of guarantee fee.
Article 10
After a guarantee is provided, the guarantor shall go through the
registration formalities with the local department of exchange control
where the guarantor is located.
(1) after a guarantee is provided by a non-financial institution, the
institution shall, within 10 days, fill in the "Foreign Exchange Guarantee
Registration Form", and obtain the "Foreign Exchange Guarantee
Registration Certificate";
(2) the financial institutions follow a regular month registration
system, and shall, within 15 days after the last month, fill in the "Form
of Information on Foreign Exchange Guarantee" so as to report the changing
condition of guarantee liabilities in the last month.
Article 11
In the event that an extension of the guarantee term is required, the
guarantor shall apply for the extension to the local exchange control
department 15 days prior to the expiration of the debt. When going through
the extension formalities, the guarantor shall submit the relative
documents concerning the extension to the exchange control department for
a new approval.
Article 12
When a debt under the guarantee becomes due or is repaid, or the
guarantee contract terminates under other conditions, for a non-financial
institution as a guarantor, it shall, within 10 days, return the "Foreign
Exchange Guarantee Registration Certificate" to the original exchange
control department which issued the certificate for verification and
cancellation, and for a financial institution as a guarantor, it shall go
through the formalities of verification and cancellation monthly.
Article 13
If the guarantor violates these Measures, the exchange control
department will, according to the seriousness of the case, impose a
warning, notice of criticism, suspension or cancellation of the
guarantor's foreign exchange guarantee business, and give penalty in
accordance with the provisions of the Implementing Rules of Penalties for
the Violation of Foreign Exchange Control.
Article 14
These Measures shall also apply to the external counter-guarantees.
Article 15
The authority to interpret these Measures resides in the State
Administration of Exchange Control.
Article 16
These Measures will enter into force from the date of promulgation.
The Provisional Measures for the Control of the Issuing Foreign Exchange
Guarantee by Organizations within Chinese Territory promulgated in 1987
shall be abrogated on the same date.
1991年9月9日
